Modelling of heat and mass transfer in clothing considering evaporation, condensation, and wet conduction with case study

Over the past few decades, several models of heat and mass transfer have been based on assumption homogeneous thickness (or absence) enclosed air layer contradicting real-life scenario skin-clothing-environment system. To address this research gap, in study, comprehensive model for was developed which considers thermal phenomena such as evaporation, condensation, effect liquid moisture insulation fabrics (wet conduction) along with sensible mechanisms effects spatial heterogeneity layers. The coupling between modelling approach resulted an accurate evaluation evaporated condensed water vapour a is systematically validated increasing level complexity using heterogeneous layers single-layer multi-layer clothing ensembles. 21 different experimental cases covering various parameters that affect gap (clothing fit), evaporative resistance (permeable, semi-permeable, impermeable to vapour), ambient temperature (−10 °C–34 °C), relative humidity (80%–18.5%). Finally, relevance product development demonstrated by case study about smart skiwear. presented provides detailed insights into individual system, very useful develop in-depth understanding local designing functional protective clothing. • Heterogeneity has significant latent transfer. demonstrate reliability accuracy. Analysis content fabric total Optimization skiwear study.